Jabir transformed chemistry from a superstition into a science. He introduced the experimental method, emphasizing that "The first essential in chemistry is that you should perform practical work and conduct experiments."

Muslim chemists discovered Sulfuric Acid (Oil of Vitriol), Nitric Acid, and Aqua Regia (a mixture capable of dissolving gold). These discoveries were crucial for the later industrial revolution.

Al-Kindi wrote the Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations, containing over 100 recipes for fragrant oils. Ibn Sina later invented Steam Distillation to extract essential oils from flowers (like Rose water).

Al-Razi was the first to classify chemical substances into Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal categories. He also set up the standard laboratory kit used for centuries: beakers, flasks, phials, and burners.

Muslim chemists perfected the production of Hard Soap (combining vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide), pioneered Lusterware ceramics (metallic glazes), and advanced glass-making techniques.

Al-Razi was the first to distill pure Alcohol (Ethanol) from fermented substances and use it as an antiseptic to clean wounds. The word "Alcohol" itself comes from the Arabic Al-Kuhl.

While the Chinese invented gunpowder, Muslim chemists like Al-Rammah purified Potassium Nitrate to create explosive-grade gunpowder. He also described the first torpedoes and rockets.

Muslims adopted papermaking from China but revolutionized it by using linen rags instead of mulberry bark, creating a whiter, stronger paper. They also developed non-fading inks.