Impact: Known as "The Canon of Medicine," this was the primary medical textbook in European universities until 1650. It established the principles of clinical trials, quarantine, and systematic diagnosis.

Impact: The foundational text of Algebra. It presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. The word "Algebra" is derived directly from its title.

Impact: "The Book of Optics" revolutionized the understanding of light and vision. It proved that light enters the eye (intromission) and laid the groundwork for the modern scientific method.

Impact: A 30-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. Its surgical chapter was the standard guide in the West for 500 years, introducing over 200 surgical instruments used today.

Impact: The "Introduction." It founded the disciplines of Sociology, Historiography, and Economics. It analyzes the rise and fall of civilizations based on social cohesion (*Asabiyyah*).

Impact: The most accurate map of the world in the pre-modern era. Created for King Roger II of Sicily, it was used by travelers and explorers (including Columbus) for centuries.

Impact: A handbook of 100 mechanical devices, including automatic fountains, gas masks, and self-trimming lamps. It pioneered the use of automatic controls and crank mechanisms.

Impact: A comprehensive star catalogue detailing the positions of 992 stars. It was far more accurate than Ptolemy's work and corrected many errors in previous astronomical data.

Impact: "The Comprehensive Book." A massive encyclopedia containing notes on diseases, pharmacology, and clinical observations. It was a core text at the University of Paris in 1395.

Impact: The first philosophical novel. It tells the story of a child raised by a gazelle on a desert island who discovers truth through reason. It inspired "Robinson Crusoe."

Impact: A collection of works that moved Alchemy toward modern Chemistry. It described processes like distillation, crystallization, and the discovery of strong acids (sulfuric/nitric).

Impact: "The Great Book of Music." It analyzed the physics of sound, musical intervals, and the therapeutic effects of music on the soul, influencing both Eastern and Western music theory.