In his monumental Kitab al-Hayawan (Book of Animals), Al-Jahiz described the mechanisms of natural selection and the "struggle for existence" 1,000 years before Charles Darwin.

Al-Dinawari wrote the Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), describing the life cycle, morphology, and classification of over 637 plant species. He discussed plant evolution from birth to death.

While observing skeletal remains during a famine in Egypt, he proved that the lower jaw (mandible) consists of one single bone, not two as Galen had incorrectly claimed for 1,000 years.

He produced the first full-color atlas of the human body, known as Tashrih-i Badan-i Insan. It contained detailed diagrams of the nervous system, muscles, veins, and the skeleton.

He correctly described how blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to mix with air (oxygen) and then back to the heart. He is the first person in history to describe the capillaries connecting arteries and veins.

Ibn al-Quff wrote extensively on embryology, describing the stages of fetal development. He suggested the existence of a microscopic "genesis" stage (referring to cells) centuries before microscopes.

Al-Razi was the first to state that nerves have motor and sensory functions. He identified 7 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves, linking paralysis to spinal cord injuries.

Muslims advanced the study of horse anatomy (Hippology) significantly. Ibn Akhi Hizam wrote the definitive guide on horse care, anatomy, and disease treatment, influencing veterinary science for centuries.