Translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb became the supreme authority in medical schools. It was the standard textbook at the University of Montpellier and the University of Leuven until 1650.

At the University of Paris, Aristotle was known simply as "The Philosopher," and Ibn Rushd was "The Commentator." His works were mandatory reading for the Arts Faculty. A philosophical movement called Latin Averroism dominated Italian universities (Padua, Bologna) well into the 16th century.

Al-Razi's Kitab al-Mansuri (Liber Almansoris) was a core part of the medical curriculum. specifically, the 9th Book of Almansor was a separate, mandatory course on therapeutics at European universities for hundreds of years.

Al-Zahrawi's surgical encyclopedia, Al-Tasrif, was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona. It became the definitive guide for European surgeons for 500 years. The famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac quoted Albucasis over 200 times in his own works.

To make Arabic works palatable to Christian Europe, translators Latinized the names of Muslim scholars. This hid their Islamic identity for centuries.

• Ibn Sina ➔ Avicenna
• Ibn Rushd ➔ Averroes
• Al-Razi ➔ Rhazes
• Al-Zahrawi ➔ Albucasis
• Ibn Zuhr ➔ Avenzoar

Al-Khwarizmi's book was translated as Liber Algebrae et Almucabola. This introduced the very word "Algebra" to European languages. His name, Latinized as Algoritmi, gave us the word "Algorithm."

The Latin translation of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitab al-Manazir was titled Perspectiva. It was the standard text on optics and light. It influenced Roger Bacon, Witelo, and Renaissance artists like Da Vinci and Ghiberti.

It was not until the 16th and 17th centuries that European scholars began to critique and replace Muslim texts. Vesalius (anatomy) and Copernicus (astronomy) used Islamic data but corrected ancient errors, marking the start of the European Scientific Revolution.