Al-Jazari invented the crankshaft and connecting rod system. This mechanism converts rotary motion (turning a handle) into linear motion (moving a piston).

A masterpiece of engineering standing 22 feet tall. It used a perforated floating bowl (water regulator) to trigger complex movements every 30 minutes, including a writing scribe and a whistling bird.

Muslim engineers built humanoid automata (robots). Al-Jazari created a boat with four "robot musicians" that played music to entertain guests. They used a drum with movable pegs to change the rhythm.

Al-Jazari invented a water pump that used copper pistons, suction pipes, and one-way valves. It could lift water 12 meters high without manual effort, using a water wheel for power.

Taqi al-Din described a complex water-raising machine incorporating a six-cylinder pump, counterweights, and a camshaft. This demonstrates an advanced understanding of continuous power generation.

While Europe used horizontal windmills later, Muslims in Sistan (Iran) invented the vertical-axis windmill to grind grain and pump water. They used reed bundles for blades to catch the strong desert winds.

In their Book of Ingenious Devices, the Banu Musa brothers designed a mask for workers in polluted wells. It used a bellows system to pump fresh air down to the worker through a pipe.

Al-Jazari invented the first combination lock for a chest. It used 4 dials with 16 letters each. The user had to align the letters to form a specific word to open the mechanism.